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黄鹌菜Youngia japonica (Linn.) DC.
黄鹌菜Youngia japonica (Linn.) DC.
别名：Oriental false hawksbeard;山飞龙;涂飞龙;天葛菜;黄瓜菜;山芥菜;山鸡窝;大号黄花仔;菜头草;冲天黄;黄菜;黄鹌草;软叶天葛菜;山菠薐;窝密俄;漏仔草;黄花枝香草;黄花地丁;毛连连;野荞菜;苦菜药;小米天葛菜;野青菜;黄花菜;猴子屁股;革命菜;大箭叶;空筒草;野芥菜;山根龙;罩壁黄;一枝香;擤心黄;毛莲菜; 科名：菊科 Compositae 属名：黄鹌菜属 Youngia
《中国植物志》第80(1)卷155页 27. 黄鹌菜 Youngia japonica (L.) DC., Prodr. 7: 194. 1838; Babcock et Stebbins in Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 484: 95. 1937; Kitam. in Mem. Coll. Sci. Univ. Kyoto Ser. B. 22: 117. 1955; S. Y. Hu in Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus. 22 (1-2): 33. 1969; 中国高等植物图鉴4: 700,图6813, 1975; Lauener in Notes Royal Bot. Gard. Edinb. 34: 389, 1976; 西藏植物志4: 967. 1985; 秦岭植物志1 (5): 414, 1985; 贵州植物志9: 372, 1989. ——Prenanthes japonica L., Mant. 107, 1767. —— P. multiflora Thunb., Fl. Jap. 303. 1784.——Chondrilla japonica (L.) Lam., Dict. Encycl. 2: 79, 1790. ——Ch. lyrata Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Suppl. 2: 332, 1811. ——Prenanthes stricta Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 885. 1825-1826. ——P. fastigiata Blume op. cit. 886. 1825-1826.——Youngia lyrata (Poir.) Cass. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 23: 88. 1831. ——Y. napifera DC. ex Wight, Contr. Bot. Ind. 27. 1834. ——Y. multiflora (Thunb.) DC., op. cit. 194. 1838.——Y. paosa Steud., Nom. ed. 2. 2: 794. 1840.——Y. gracilis Miq. in Journ. Bot. Neerl. 1: 106. 1861; Forbes et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 476. 1888; S. Y. Hu in Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus. 22 (1-2): 32. 1969.——Crepis japonica (L.) Benth., Fl. Hongk. 194. 1861; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 395. 1882; Maxim. in Mel. Biol. 9: 346. 1874; Franch., Pl. David. 1: 185. 1884; Forbes et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 475. 1888; Diels in Bot. Jahrb. Engl. 29: 632. 1901; Ling in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 3: 198, 1935; Hand. -Mazz. in Act. Hort. Gothob. 12: 359. 1838.——Crepis lyrata (Poir.) Benth. ex C. B. Clarke, Comp. Ind. 253, 1876.——Lactuca taquetii Levl. et Vant. in Fedde, Rep. Sp. Nov. 8: 140, 1910; Nakai in Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo. 31: 507, 1911. ——L. taraxacum Levl. et Vaniot in Fedde, Rep. Sp. Nov. 8: 141. 1910; Nakai in journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 31: 507. 1911. ——Crepis formosarea Hayata in Journ. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 30: 163. 1911 et Ic. Pl. Formos. 8: 79, 1911. ——C. taquetii (Levl. et Vaniot) Levl. in Fedde, Rep. Sp. Nov. 11: 307. 1912. ——C. japonica (L.) Benth.subsp. genuine Hochr. in Candollea 5: 340, 1934. ——Youngia japonica (L.) DC. subsp. genuina (Hochr.) Babcock et Stebbins in Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 484: 95. 1937; Babcock in Univ. Calif. Publ Bot. 22: 923. 1947; S. Y. Hu in Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus. 22 (1-2): 33. 1969.——Y. japonica (L.) DC. subsp. formosana (Hayata) Kitam. in Act. Phytotax. et Geobot. 6: 234. 1937. ——Y. formosana (Hayata) Hara in Journ. Jap. Bot. 14: 53. 1938; S. Y. Hu in Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus. 22 (1-2): 31. 1969. ——Y. japonica (L.) DC. var. formosana (Hayata) H. L. Li, Fl. Taiwan 4: 965. 1978. 一年生草本，高10-100厘米。根垂直直伸，生多数须根。茎直立，单生或少数茎成簇生，粗壮或细，顶端伞房花序状分枝或下部有长分枝，下部被稀疏的皱波状长或短毛。基生叶全形倒披针形、椭圆形、长椭圆形或宽线形，长2.5-13厘米，宽1-4.5厘米，大头羽状深裂或全裂，极少有不裂的，叶柄长1-7厘米，有狭或宽翼或无翼，顶裂片卵形、倒卵形或卵状披针形，顶端圆形或急尖，边缘有锯齿或几全缘，侧裂片3-7对，椭圆形，向下渐小，最下方的侧裂片耳状，全部侧裂片边缘有锯齿或细锯齿或边缘有小尖头，极少边缘全缘；无茎叶或极少有1-(2)枚茎生叶，且与基生叶同形并等样分裂；全部叶及叶柄被皱波状长或短柔毛。头花序含10-20枚舌状小花，少数或多数在茎枝顶端排成伞房花序，花序梗细。总苞圆柱状，长4-5毫米，极少长3.5-4毫米；总苞片4层，外层及最外层极短，宽卵形或宽形，长宽不足0.6毫米，顶端急尖，内层及最内层长，长4-5毫米，极少长3.5-4毫米，宽1-1.3毫米，披针形，顶端急尖，边缘白色宽膜质，内面有贴伏的短糙毛；全部总苞片外面无毛。舌状小花黄色，花冠管外面有短柔毛。瘦果纺锤形，压扁，褐色或红褐色，长1.5-2毫米，向顶端有收缢，顶端无喙，有11-13条粗细不等的纵肋，肋上有小刺毛。冠毛长2.5-3.5毫米，糙毛状。花果期4-10月。 分布北京、陕西（洋县）、甘肃（西固）、山东（烟台）、江苏（宜兴）、安徽（歙县）、浙江（昌化、丽水、临海）、江西（萍乡、兴国）、福建（顺昌）、河南（商城）、湖北（宣恩、巴东）、湖南（新宁、龙山）、广东（翁源、乳源、信宜）、广西（百色）、四川（天全、峨眉、康定、泸定、石棉、攀枝花）、云南（大理、昆明）、西藏（聂拉木、林芝）等地。生于山坡、山谷及山沟林缘、林下、林间草地及潮湿地、河边沼泽地、田间与荒地上。日本、中南半岛、印度、菲律宾、马来半岛、朝鲜有分布。模式标本采自日本。《Flora of China》 Vol. 20-21 (2011)24. Youngia japonica (Linnaeus) Candolle, Prodr. 7: 194. 1838.
黄鹌菜 huang an cai Herbs usually 10-150 cm tall, annual. Stems solitary or few, erect, branched from base, middle, or only apically, glabrous or basally often ± hairy, ± leafy or leafless. Basal leaves ± oblanceolate, to 15(-25) × 4(-6) cm, lyrately pinnatipartite or pinnatisect, rarely not divided; glabrous or somewhat hairy, base attenuate into a longer or shorter narrowly winged to ± unwinged petiole-like portion, margin sinuate-dentate; lateral lobes few to many, ovate, rhombic, or elliptic, gradually smaller toward leaf base; terminal lobe ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or obovate, much larger than lateral ones, apex rounded to acute. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves, abruptly or gradually reduced to bracts upward on stem. Synflorescence corymbiform to paniculiform-corymbiform, usually with many to numerous capitula. Capitula with 10-20 florets; peduncle capillaceous. Involucre cylindric, 4-7 mm. Phyllaries abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries ovate to triangular, longest less than 1.5 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries adaxially appressed pubescent, midvein subapically plane, margin ± white scarious, apex acute. Anther tube dark green. Style branches yellow upon drying. Achene light brown to dark reddish or purplish brown, fusiform, 1.5-2.5 mm, ribs finely spiculate, apex strongly attenuate. Pappus white, 2.5-3.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Feb-Dec.Mountain slopes, mountain valleys, ravines, forests, forest margins, grasslands, moist areas, by water, stream banks, trailsides, roadsides, disturbed places, densely grassy areas by houses or roads, field margins, as a weed in gardens and fields; below 100-4500 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [present in all easterly and southerly neighboring countries; originating probably from China and introduced pantropically, extending into adjacent subtropical regions].Youngia lyrata (= Y. pseudosenecio) and Y. longiflora (= Y. taiwaniana) are treated here as Y. japonica subsp. elstonii and Y. japonica subsp. longiflora, respectively, of a wider Y. japonica, following Babcock and Stebbins (Publ. Carnegie Inst. Washington 484: 97-98. 1937). While Y. japonica subsp. longiflora seems a fairly well-characterized taxon, the delimitation between Y. japonica subsp. japonica and Y. japonica subsp. elstonii appears questionable in view of frequent transitions and a probably scattered distribution pattern.
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